Protein

Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by a gene and encoded in the genetic code. Although this genetic code specifies 20 "standard" amino acids plus selenocysteine and - in certain archaea - pyrrolysine, the residues in a protein are sometimes chemically altered in post-translational modification. This can happen either before the protein is used in the cell, or as part of control mechanisms. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable complexes.^[1]

Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.

The word protein comes from the Greek word πρώτειος (proteios) "primary". Proteins were first described and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1838. However, the central role of proteins in living organisms was not fully appreciated until 1926, when James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a protein.^[2] The first protein to be sequenced was insulin, by Frederick Sanger, who won the Nobel Prize for this achievement in 1958. The first protein structures to be solved included hemoglobin and myoglobin, by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, respectively, in 1958.^[3][4] The three-dimensional structures of both proteins were first determined by x-ray diffraction analysis; Perutz and Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for these discoveries.

Proteins are linear polymers built from 20 different L-α-amino acids. All amino acids possess common structural features, including an α carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain are bonded. Only proline differs from this basic structure as it contains an unusual ring to the N-end amine group, which forces the CO–NH amide moiety into a fixed conformation.^[5] The side chains of the standard amino acids, detailed in the list of standard amino acids, have different chemical properties that produce three-dimensional protein structure and are therefore critical to protein function. The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds formed in a dehydration reaction. Once linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone. The peptide bond has two resonance forms that contribute some double-bond character and inhibit rotation around its axis, so that the alpha carbons are roughly coplanar. The other two dihedral angles in the peptide bond determine the local shape assumed by the protein backbone.

Due to the chemical structure of the individual amino acids, the protein chain has directionality. The end of the protein with a free carboxyl group is known as the C-terminus or carboxy terminus, whereas the end with a free amino group is known as the N-terminus or amino terminus.

The words protein, polypeptide, and peptide are a little ambiguous and can overlap in meaning. Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable conformation, whereas peptide is generally reserved for a short amino acid oligomers often lacking a stable three-dimensional structure. However, the boundary between the two is not well defined and usually lies near 20–30 residues.^[6] Polypeptide can refer to any single linear chain of amino acids, usually regardless of length, but often implies an absence of a defined conformation.

Synthesis

Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding this protein. The genetic code is a set of three-nucleotide sets called codons and each three-nucleotide combination stands for an amino acid, for example AUG stands for methionine. Because DNA contains four nucleotides, the total number of possible codons is 64; hence, there is some redundancy in the genetic code, with some amino acids specified by more than one codon. Genes encoded in DNA are first transcribed into pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) by proteins such as RNA polymerase. Most organisms then process the pre-mRNA (also known as a primary transcript) using various forms of post-transcriptional modification to form the mature mRNA, which is then used as a template for protein synthesis by the ribosome. In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second.^[7]

The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is known as translation. The mRNA is loaded onto the ribosome and is read three nucleotides at a time by matching each codon to its base pairing anticodon located on a transfer RNA molecule, which carries the amino acid corresponding to the codon it recognizes. The enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase "charges" the tRNA molecules with the correct amino acids. The growing polypeptide is often termed the nascent chain. Proteins are always biosynthesized from N-terminus to C-terminus.

Chemical synthesis

Short proteins can also be synthesized chemically by a family of methods known as peptide synthesis, which rely on organic synthesis techniques such as chemical ligation to produce peptides in high yield.^[9] Chemical synthesis allows for the introduction of non-natural amino acids into polypeptide chains, such as attachment of fluorescent probes to amino acid side chains.^[10] These methods are useful in laboratory biochemistry and cell biology, though generally not for commercial applications. Chemical synthesis is inefficient for polypeptides longer than about 300 amino acids, and the synthesized proteins may not readily assume their native tertiary structure. Most chemical synthesis methods proceed from C-terminus to N-terminus, opposite the biological reaction.

The size of a synthesized protein can be measured by the number of amino acids it contains and by its total molecular mass, which is normally reported in units of daltons (synonymous with atomic mass units), or the derivative unit kilodalton (kDa). Yeast proteins are on average 466 amino acids long and 53 kDa in mass.^[6] The largest known proteins are the titins, a component of the muscle sarcomere, with a molecular mass of almost 3,000 kDa and a total length of almost 27,000 amino acids.

Structure of proteins

^[8]

Most proteins fold into unique 3-dimensional structures. The shape into which a protein naturally folds is known as its native state. Although many proteins can fold unassisted, simply through the chemical properties of their amino acids, others require the aid of molecular chaperones to fold into their native states. Biochemists often refer to four distinct aspects of a protein's structure:

• Primary structure: the amino acid sequence
• Secondary structure: regularly repeating local structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The most common examples are the alpha helix and beta sheet.^[11] Because secondary structures are local, many regions of different secondary structure can be present in the same protein molecule.
• Tertiary structure: the overall shape of a single protein molecule; the spatial relationship of the secondary structures to one another. Tertiary structure is generally stabilized by nonlocal interactions, most commonly the formation of a hydrophobic core, but also through salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and even post-translational modifications. The term "tertiary structure" is often used as synonymous with the term fold.
• Quaternary structure: the shape or structure that results from the interaction of more than one protein molecule, usually called protein subunits in this context, which function as part of the larger assembly or protein complex.

NMR structures of the protein cytochrome c in solution show the constantly shifting dynamic structure of the protein. Larger version.

Proteins are not entirely rigid molecules. In addition to these levels of structure, proteins may shift between several related structures while they perform their functions. In the context of these functional rearrangements, these tertiary or quaternary structures are usually referred to as "conformations", and transitions between them are called conformational changes. Such changes are often induced by the binding of a substrate molecule to an enzyme's active site, or the physical region of the protein that participates in chemical catalysis. In solution all proteins also undergo variation in structure through thermal vibration and the collision with other molecules, see the animation on the right.

Molecular surface of several proteins showing their comparative sizes. From left to right are: immunoglobulin G (IgG, an antibody), hemoglobin, insulin (a hormone), adenylate kinase (an enzyme), and glutamine synthetase (an enzyme).

Proteins can be informally divided into three main classes, which correlate with typical tertiary structures: globular proteins, fibrous proteins, and membrane proteins. Almost all globular proteins are soluble and many are enzymes. Fibrous proteins are often structural; membrane proteins often serve as receptors or provide channels for polar or charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane.

A special case of intramolecular hydrogen bonds within proteins, poorly shielded from water attack and hence promoting their own dehydration, are called dehydrons.

Structure determination

Discovering the tertiary structure of a protein, or the quaternary structure of its complexes, can provide important clues about how the protein performs its function. Common experimental methods of structure determination include X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, both of which can produce information at atomic resolution. Cryoelectron microscopy is used to produce lower-resolution structural information about very large protein complexes, including assembled viruses;^[11] a variant known as electron crystallography can also produce high-resolution information in some cases, especially for two-dimensional crystals of membrane proteins.^[12] Solved structures are usually deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a freely available resource from which structural data about thousands of proteins can be obtained in the form of Cartesian coordinates for each atom in the protein.

Many more gene sequences are known than protein structures. Further, the set of solved structures is biased toward proteins that can be easily subjected to the conditions required in X-ray crystallography, one of the major structure determination methods. In particular, globular proteins are comparatively easy to crystallize in preparation for X-ray crystallography. Membrane proteins, by contrast, are difficult to crystallize and are underrepresented in the PDB.^[13] Structural genomics initiatives have attempted to remedy these deficiencies by systematically solving representative structures of major fold classes. Protein structure prediction methods attempt to provide a means of generating a plausible structure for proteins whose structures have not been experimentally determined.

Proteins

Like carbohydrates, some proteins perform largely structural roles. For instance, movements of the proteins actin and myosin ultimately are responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscle. One property many proteins have is that they specifically bind to a certain molecule or class of molecules—they may be extremely selective in what they bind. Antibodies are an example of proteins that attach to one specific type of molecule. In fact, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which uses antibodies, is currently one of the most sensitive tests modern medicine uses to detect various biomolecules. Probably the most important proteins, however, are the enzymes. These molecules recognize specific reactant molecules called substrates; they then catalyze the reaction between them. By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10¹¹ or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3,000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme. The enzyme itself is not used up in the process, and is free to catalyze the same reaction with a new set of substrates. Using various modifiers, the activity of the enzyme can be regulated, enabling control of the biochemistry of the cell as a whole.

In essence, proteins are chains of amino acids. An amino acid consists of a carbon atom bound to four groups. One is an amino group, —NH₂, and one is a carboxylic acid group, —COOH (although these exist as —NH₃⁺ and —COO⁻ under physiologic conditions). The third is a simple hydrogen atom. The fourth is commonly denoted "—R" and is different for each amino acid. There are twenty standard amino acids. Some of these have functions by themselves or in a modified form; for instance, glutamate functions as an important neurotransmitter.

Generic amino acids (1) in neutral form, (2) as they exist physiologically, and (3) joined together as a dipeptide.

Amino acids can be joined together via a peptide bond. In this dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is removed and the peptide bond connects the nitrogen of one amino acid's amino group to the carbon of the other's carboxylic acid group. The resulting molecule is called a dipeptide, and short stretches of amino acids (usually, fewer than around thirty) are called peptides or polypeptides. Longer stretches merit the title proteins. As an example, the important blood serum protein albumin contains 585 amino acid residues.

The structure of proteins is traditionally described in a hierarchy of four levels. The primary structure of a protein simply consists of its linear sequence of amino acids; for instance, "alanine-glycine-tryptophan-serine-glutamate-asparagine-glycine-lysine-…". Secondary structure is concerned with local morphology. Some combinations of amino acids will tend to curl up in a coil called an α-helix or into a sheet called a β-sheet; some α-helixes can be seen in the hemoglobin schematic above. Tertiary structure is the entire three-dimensional shape of the protein. This shape is determined by the sequence of amino acids. In fact, a single change can change the entire structure. The alpha chain of hemoglobin contains 146 amino acid residues; substitution of the glutamate residue at position 6 with a valine residue changes the behavior of hemoglobin so much that it results in sickle-cell disease. Finally quaternary structure is concerned with the structure of a protein with multiple peptide subunits, like hemoglobin with its four subunits. Not all proteins have more than one subunit.

Ingested proteins are usually broken up into single amino acids or dipeptides in the small intestine, and then absorbed. They can then be joined together to make new proteins. Intermediate products of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway can be used to make all twenty amino acids, and most bacteria and plants possess all the necessary enzymes to synthesize them. Humans and other mammals, however, can only synthesize half of them. They cannot synthesize isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. These are the essential amino acids, since it is essential to ingest them. Mammals do possess the enzymes to synthesize alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine, the nonessential amino acids. While they can synthesize arginine and histidine, they cannot produce it in sufficient amounts for young, growing animals, and so these are often considered essential amino acids.

If the amino group is removed from an amino acid, it leaves behind a carbon skeleton called an α-keto acid. Enzymes called transaminases can easily transfer the amino group from one amino acid (making it an α-keto acid) to another α-keto acid (making it an amino acid). This is important in the biosynthesis of amino acids, as for many of the pathways, intermediates from other biochemical pathways are converted to the α-keto acid skeleton, and then an amino group is added, often via transamination. The amino acids may then be linked together to make a protein.

A similar process is used to break down proteins. It is first hydrolyzed into its component amino acids. Free ammonia (NH₃), existing as the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) in blood, is toxic to life forms. A suitable method for excreting it must therefore exist. Different strategies have evolved in different animals, depending on the animals' needs. Unicellular organisms, of course, simply release the ammonia into the environment. Similarly, bony fish can release the ammonia into the water where it is quickly diluted. In general, mammals convert the ammonia into urea, via the urea cycle.

Lipids

The term lipid comprises a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids and terpenoids (eg. retinoids and steroids). Some lipids are linear aliphatic molecules, while others have ring structures. Some are aromatic, while others are not. Some are flexible, while others are rigid.
Most lipids have some polar character in addition to being largely nonpolar. Generally, the bulk of their structure is nonpolar or hydrophobic ("water-fearing"), meaning that it does not interact well with polar solvents like water. Another part of their structure is polar or hydrophilic ("water-loving") and will tend to associate with polar solvents like water. This makes them amphiphilic molecules (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions). In the case of cholesterol, the polar group is a mere -OH (hydroxyl or alcohol). In the case of phospholipids, the polar groups are considerably larger and more polar, as described below.
Lipids are an integral part of our daily diet. Most oils and milk products that we use for cooking and eating like butter, cheese, ghee etc, are comprised of fats. Vegetable oils are rich in various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Lipid-containing foods undergo digestion within the body and are broken into fatty acids and glycerol, which are the final degradation products of fats and lipids.

Nucleic acids

A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses. Aside from the genetic material of the cell, nucleic acids often play a role as second messengers, as well as forming the base molecule for adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy-carrier molecule found in all living organisms.

Nucleic acid, so called because of its prevalence in cellular nuclei, is the generic name of the family of biopolymers. The monomers are called nucleotides, and each consists of three components: a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (either a purine or a pyrimidine), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Different nucleic acid types differ in the specific sugar found in their chain (e.g. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid contains 2-deoxyriboses). Also, the nitrogenous bases possible in the two nucleic acids are different: adenine, cytosine, and guanine occur in both RNA and DNA, while thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA.

BIOLOGY


1. The flow of protons and synthesis of ATP are coupled in

a. ATP synthases b. ATP hydrolases c. ADP phosphorylases d. ATP polymerases

2. The products of Hill reaction are

a. PGAL & CO2 b. NADPH & O2 c. NADH & ATP d. Glucose & ATP

3. Sex chromosomes are generally called a. autosomes b. atroph c. autotroph d.

allosomes

4. In f x 174, the genetic material is

a. single standard RNA b. double stranded DNA c. single stranded DNA d. both

DNA & RNA

5. A river mouth ecosystem is called a. lentic b. estuary c. lotic d.

marine

6. DDT was discovered by a. Alec Jeffreys b. Jeffery Archer c. Howard Temin

d. PaulMuller

7. The Minimata disease was first detected in a.Japan b. USA c. China d.
Russia

8. Establishment of national parks, sancturies and bio­sphere reserves is a method of

a.ex situ conservation b. Terracing c. In situ conservation d. Mulching

9. Purple sulpher bacteria is

a. phototropnic b. chemotrophic c. nitrogen fixing d. heterotrophic

10. A unicellular ascomycete is a. Agaricus b. Saceharomyces c. Asperglillus d.
Penicillium

11. The amphibians of plant kingdom are a. Algae b. Pteridophyta c. Bryophyta d.

Phanerogams

12. The number of integuments covers the ovule in Pinus is a. two b. one c.

four d. three

13. The androecium in cucurbita is

a. syngenesious b. versatile c. polyadelphous d. synandrous

14. Basal placentation is seen in a. Hibiscus b. Primula c. sunflower d. Pea

15. Sylviculture is cultivation of

a. crops b. rare plants c. forest trees d. ornamental plants

16. Tocopherol, constitutes the compounds of

a. vitamin B b. vitamin K c. vitamin B d. vitamin E

17. Eukaryotic mitochondria contains ribosomes formed of

a. 30 s and 40 s b. 40 s and 50 s c. 30 sand 50s d. 40s and 60s

18. The X-shaped structures produced during meiosis I are

a. Chiasmata b. bivalents c. stomata d. stigmata.

19. The wavelength more effective in photosynthesis is

a. 700 nm b. 640 nm c. 440 nm d. 680 nm

20. Pantothenic acid is a component of a. NAD+ b. Coenzyme A c. NADP* d. PEPA

21. The ccllwalls of guard cells are a. uniformly thin b. uniformly thick

c. made of suberin d.thinner on the innerside e. thicker on the innerside

22. The albuminous cells of gymnosperms can be compared to

a. vessels b. companion cells c. sieve tubes d. sieve elements e. sieve cells

23. A fermentation product of grapes using Saceharomyces is called

a. whey b. rum c. beer d. wine e. adjunet

24. A false statement about auxins is that a. it is involved in cell division b. it

controls abscission c. it inhibits growth of apical buds d. it prevents premature

fall of flowers e. it induces parthinocarpy

25. The part of the flower to be removed during emasculation is

a. anther b. stigma c. ovule d. sepal e. petal

26. The plant showing complete absence of roots is

a. Hydrilla b. Utricularia c. Pistia d. Azolla e. Vallisneria

27. The pH of ground water is lowered by

a. smoke b. smog c. acid rain d. green house effect e. sewage

28. Match the terms given in column A with those given in column B

Column A Column B

1. Silent valley A. Bandipur

2. Tiger project in Karnata B. Bharat pur

3. Rhinoceros C. Tropical rain forest

4. Assemblage protection D. Kaziranga

a. 1-C; 2-A; 3-D; 4-B b. 1-A; 2-B; 3-C; 4-D c. 1-B; 2-A; 3-C; 4-D d.1-C; 2-D; 3-A; 4-B

e.1-D; 2-C; 3-B; 4-A

29. The part of Nostoc that contains nitrogenase enzyme is
a. vegetative cell b. akinite c. hormogonia d. trichome e. heterocyst

30. The much branched filamentous structure that growsout of a spore in Porytrichum is

a. prothallus b. germling c. hypha d. protonema e. rhizoid


31 . Cytosine differs from cysteine in that the former is a. a pyrimidine and latter an

aminoacid

b. a purine and latter an aminoacid c. is an aminoacid and latter a pyrimidine


d. an aminoacid and latter a purine e. cytosine is directly involved in protein synthesis

32. Avena curvature tests were conducted by

a. Boysen - Jensen b. F.WWent c. Thimann d. Blackman e. Yabuta

33. Tyloses are found in the a. Xylem elements of alburnum b. Phloem
elements
c. Xylem elements of duramen d. Cork cells of phellum e. cells of penderm


34. Histone is a. an aminoacid b. a polymer of glucose c. a fat d. a purine e.

a protein
35. Collateral, conjoint and closed vascular bundles are characteristic features of


a. monocot stem b. dicot stem c. dicot root d. monocot root e. bicollateral vascular

bundle

36. Indo acetic acid is a derivative of

a. tyrosine b. threonine c. tryptophan d. thymine e. abstisicacid

37. Auxanometer is used in measuring the rate of

a. respiration b. growth c. photosynthesis d. transpiration e. imbibition of water

38. The disease that belongs to the same category as color­blindness in man is

a. night blindness b. Tuberculosus c. Diabetes d. haemophilia e. Typhoid

39. Clove is a a. fruit b. flower c. seed d. seed coat e. dry
flower bud

40. The false fruit among the following is

a. pear b. sapota c. orange d. melon e. mango

41 . The inducer in the operon concept is

a. galactosidase b. glucose c. permease d. lactose e. sucrose

42. Sorosis is developed from a. cyathium b. raceme c. catkin d.
hypanthodium e. thyrsus

43. Soredia are produced by

a. Nostoc b. Agaricus c. Diatom d. Riccia e. lichen

44. In a lotic ecosystem phytoplankton represent the

a. decomposers b. microproducers c. consumers d. herbivore e. carnivore

45. Bulliform cells help in

a. rolling of the leaf b. closure of stomata c. opening of stomata d. photosynthesis

e. respiration

46. The inheritance of ABO blood group is regulated by a. incomplete dominance

b. recessive alleles c. Sex-linked genes d. codominant genes e. complete dominance

47. Reverse transcriptase helps in

a. formation of DNA from RNA template b. formation of RNA from DNA template

c. DNA replication d. protein synthesis e. glycolysis

48. The initiation codon in protein synthesis is

a. UAG b. AUG c. UAA d. UGA e. AAA

49. The continuity of sieve tubes and companion cells is maintained by

a. lenticels b. stomata c. plasmodcsmata d. pits e. pores

50. Herkogamy is an adaptation a. to favour cross pollination

b. to favour self pollination c. of stems d. of leaves e. for hydrophylly

51 .Wilting is a phenomenon associated with

a. exosmosis b. endosmosis c. absorption d. imbibition e. osmosis

52. When a monohybrid or dihybrid is crossed with a recessive parental type ,the cross is called

a. back cross b. linkage c. poly genic inheritance d. test cross e. crisscross

53. Anomalous secondary thickening is seen in


a. Sun flower b. Shoe flower c. Cleome d. Lucas e. Dracaena

54. The absorbing surface of roots is increased by

a. Pith b. Pith rays c. root hairs d. Xylem e. Phloem

55. A stetch of DNA contains 150 adenine and 150 cytosine base pairs. The total number of
nucleotides in the DNA fragment would be a. 150 b. 600 c.

300 d. 100 e. 800

56. Mutations in plants and animals cannot be induced by

a. radio waves b. X-rays c. gamma rays d. U-V radiation e. mutagen

57. When the ovary of a flower matures it becomes a

a. seed b. an embryo c. an ovule d. a fruit e. an egg
5
8. Genetic engineering makes use of

a. algae b. fungi c. bacteria d. bryophyta e. pteridophyta

59. Carriers of colour blindness are always

a. men b. women c. insects d. plasmids e. men and women


60. Passage cells are found in a. epidermis b. cortex c. pericycle d. pith e. endodermis


1. c 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. c 11. c 12. b 13. c
14. a 15. c 16. a 17. a 18. c 19. d 20. a 21. b 22. a 23. c 24. a 25. a 26. c
27. b 28. d 29. c 30. b 31. a 32. b 33. b 34. a 35. a 36. c 37. b 38. c 39. a 40. b 41. b 42. c 43. c 44. c 45. d 46. b 47. a 48. c 49. a 50. d

ZOOLOGY

1. Arthropods of Commercial importance are

a. Palaemon and Oryct b. Palaemon and Leptocorisa

c. Palaemon and Penaeus d. Palaemon’and Sarcoptes

2. The secretion of .... forms a protective case around the fertilized eggs of Cockroach.

a. Conglobate gland b. Collateral gland c. Mushroom gland d. Genital pouch

3. Pick out the insect which helps in cross pollination?

a. Honeybees b. Lepsima c. Mosquito d. Housefly

4. Out of the nine pairs of fused ganglia of Cockroach

a. Two are thoracic and the rest abdominal b. Four thoracic and rest abdominal

c. Three thoracic and rest abdominal d. Four abdominal and rest thoracic

5. Life history of Cockroach involves

a. Direct development and incomplete metamorphosis

b. Direct development and complete metamorphosis

c. Indirect development and incomplete metamorphosis

d. Indirect development and complete metamorphosis

6. The light sensitive part in an ommatidium in Cockroach is a rod called

a. Taenidia b. Rhabdome c. Cornea d. Microvilli

7. In Cockroach, the touch receptors are abundant on the

a. Antenna b. Palps c. Legs d. All the above

8. Ommatidia in cockroach are the structural unite of

a. Compound eyes b. Respiratory system c. Excretory system

d. Reproductive system

9. The other name for mushroom shaped gland in Cockroach is

a. Phallic gland b. Utricular gland c. Conglobate gland d. Collateral gland

10. Exoskeletal plates surrounding the genital pouch of Cockroach are

a. Conapophyses b. Texga c. Sterna d. Pleura

11. Fertilized eggs of honeybees develop in to

a. Drones and workers b. Queens and workers c. Drones and Queens

d. Drones, workers and Queens

12. Spermatheca in female cockroach is meant for

a. Storing sperms received from male during copulation b. The deposition of eggs

c. Transforming sperms to female Cockroach d. Carrying the eggs

13. The last abdominal ganglion is formed by the fusion of last ...ganglia of the abdominal

segments.

a. M b. 6 c. 5 d. 3

14. Pick out the wrong statement.

a. Moults six or seven times to become an adult b. Takes a year to become an adult.

c. When adult develops, the wings and gonads mature

d. Nymph takes just a month to become an adult

15. Cephalothorax in prawn is formed by the fusion of .... segments.

a. 10 b. 11 c.13 d. 14

16. The appendages which aids in feeding in Prawn are the

a. Maxilipeds b. Peraeopoda c. Pleopods d. Uropods

17. Conapophyses is found in .... of Cockroach.

a. Male b. Female c.‘a’ and ‘b’ d. Is absent

18. The appendages used for swimming in prawn are the

a. Maxillipeds and peraeopods b. Peraeopods and Pleopods

c. Pleopods and Uropods d. Maxillipeds and Uropods

19. Which one of these structures is absent in a male cockroach

a. Phallic gland b. Mushroom gland c. Ejaculatory duct d. Collateral gland

20. Crustacea are distinguished from insects and myriopods by the presence of

a. First pair of antennae b. Second pair of antennae c. Number of legs

d. Jointed appendages

21. Prawns are included in the class

a. Insecta b. Crustacea c. Arachnida d. diplopoda

22. Which of the following groups show polymorphism?

a. Honeybees b. Mosquitoes c. Lepsima d. Housefly

23. Point out the correct statement. In Prawn

a. Tergal plates of the cephalothoracic region fuse to form the dorsal shield

b. Dorsal shield has a rostrum at the anterior end

c. At the base of the rostrum are the stalked compound eyes d. All the above

24. In Cockroach, fluid excretory products is discharged to the outside by way of the gut

because It can

a. Absorb excretory materials more easily b. Absorb water from the excretory fluid

c. Eliminate excretory material rapidly d. All the above

25. The number of eggs in an ootheca of Cockroach is

a.4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16

26. Termitaria is the term used for the

a. Colonies of the termites b. Gallaries inside the mounds of earth

c. A group of termite workers d. Queen of the termite colony

27. ....... of Rice bugs, such the juice from grains when they are in the milky stage to turn it into

shaff

a. Adult males b. Females c. Adults and nymphs d. Only nymphs

28. Drones are ............ organism

a. Haploid b. Diploid c. Tetraploid d. Triploid

29. Millipedes are mainly

a. Carnivorous b. Herbivorous c. Frugivorous d. All the above

30. Which one of the following is

a. Mosquito b. Termile c. Honeybee d. House fly

31. .... is associated with the production Of natural silk.

a. Glossina palpalis b. Apis Indica c. Bombyx mori d. Musca domestica

32. ......... are wingless and blind termites.

a. Queen b. B. King c. Soldiers d. D. Workers

33. The common domesticated bee is the

a. Apis dorsata c. Apismellifra b. Apis indica d. Apis florea

34. The ‘Royal Jelly’ of the bees is food given to

a. The larvae that has to develop into a queen

b. The larva that has to develop into males (drones) and the future queen

c. All the larva irrespective of its future destiny

d. The larva that has to develop into fertile males

35. ...........is used for the manufacture of cosmetics and candies.

a. Honey b. Bee-wax c. Silkworms d. None of these

36. ..... is the common coconut pest.

a. Locusta b. Leptocorisa c. Oryctes d. Nila

37. ...... destroys wood work, carpet, books, etc.

a. Leptocorisa c. Orctes b. Odontoterms d. Wriggler

38. The young one of a termite is known as

a. Larva b. Nymph c. Worm d. Maggot

39. Treating the cocoons of the silkworm in boiling water or steam is known as

a. Stifling b. Treating c. Spinning d. All the above

40. Pick out the wrong statement

a. Honeybees are social insects

b. Drones, workers and a queen are the member’s ofhoneybee colony

c. Workers in a honeybee colony are sterile

d. Queen is the only fertile female in a honeybee colony.

41. Rice bug belongs to the Order ... under the Classinsects.

a. Homoptera b. Isoptera c. Hemiptera d. Coleoptera

42. The biological term for the Rice bug is

a. Leptocorisa varicornis b. Bombyx mori c. Apis indica d. Clossina palpalls

43. Itch mite is not an insect because it has

a. 2 pairs of legs b. 3 pairs of legs c. 4 pairs of legs d. Large number of legs

44. The pollen basket in Apis is used to

a. Pollinate flowers b. Store honey and pollen c. Take pollen to the comb

d. Feed the larva

45. Spirostreptus belongs to the class

a. Chilopoda b. Insecta c. Diplopoda d. Arachnida

46. Odoriferous glands are characteristically present in

a. Millipede b. Centipede c. Scorpions d. Spiders

47. Pick up the wrong statement.

a. Like in honeybeen colony, the only fertile female is the queen in the termite colony

b. As in the honeybee colony, no males remain the colony

c. Unlike the honeybees, a fertile male called the king remains in the colony .

d. Similar to the queen of honeybee, the termite queen’s job is only to lay eggs

48. Maxillae of the two sides fuse to form a median structure in a Millipede, which is called the

a. Labium b. Labrum c. 2nd maxilla d. Cnathochilarium

49. Select the function of workers in a colony of honeybees.

a. Construction, repairing and maintenance of the hive

b. Production of honey and wax c. Defence and protection ofthe colony d. All the above

50. Sarcoptes scabel is an

a. Insect b. Itchmite c. Millipede d. Centepede


ANSWERS

1. c 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. a

11. b 12. a 13. c 14. d 15. c 16. a 17. c 18. c 19. d 20. c

21. d 22. a 23. d 24. b 25. d 26. b 27. c 28. a 29. b 30. c

31. c 32. c 33. b 34. a 35. b 36. c 37. b 38. b 39. a 40. c

41. c 42. a 43. c 44. c 45. c 46. a 47. b 48. d 49. d 50. b

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

1. Hard, shell like cuticular secretion from the ectodermal layer is a characteristic feature of

a. Platyhelminthes b. Annelida c. Arthropoda d. Nematoda

2. The wings which aids in flight is attached to .... in a Cockroach .

a. protothorax b. Mesothorax c. Metathorax d. Ist obdominal segment

3. Of all known animal species, Arthropoda is said to occupy ... of animal kingdom.

a. 25% b. 50% c. 80% d. 40%

4. Tergum and Sternum of the abdominal segments of a cockroach are connected laterally by a

membrane called

a. Trachea. b. Furca c. Pleura d. Sclerite

5. This is not an Arthropodan larva.

a. Trochophore b. Nauplius c. Caterpillar d. Maggot

6. The perivisceral cavity of Arthropoda is a

a. Pseudocoel b. Haemocoel c. ‘a’ and ‘b’ d. Neither ‘a’ nor ‘b’

7. Select one related to Cockroach based on the number of walking legs.

a. Arthropoda with four pair of legs b. Arthropoda with five pairs of legs

c. Arthropoda with numerous legs

8. Cockroach is

a. Nocturnal b. Diurnal c. Parasitic d. Aquatic

9. Striated muscles is found in

a. Platyheminthes b. Nematoda c. Annelida d. Arthropoda

10. Growth taking place periodically by sheeding of old cuticle is termed as .

a Ecodysis b. Instar c. Rejuvenation d. Parthenogenesis

11. Anal cerci are seen in

a. A male Cockroach b. A female Cockroach c. Both male and female Cockroaches

d. Neither male nor female Cockroach

12. Arthropode differ from Annelids in having

a. No cilia b. Striated muscles c. Haemocoelie sinuses d. All the above

13.The modification of the thoracic appendages to perform various functions in Arthropods

indicate that it is of

a.Very low degree of adaptation b.Very low diversification c.High degree of

adaptation d.None o f these

14. Which one of the following is not an Arthropodan character ?

a. Jointed foot b. Movable jaws c. Segmented body d. Closed circulatory system

15. Name the excretory organs removing nitrogenous wastes in Arthropods.

a. Kidney b. Cuticle c. Malpighian tubules d. ‘b’and ‘c’

16. Respiratory organs of Arthropoda are

a. Trachea b. Branches c. Book lungs d. All the above

17. The body of a cockroach is divisible into

a. Cephalothorax and abdomen b. Head, thorax and abdomen

c. Head and Trunk d. Prosoma, Mesosoma and Metasoma

18. Externally segmented body with chitinous cuticle is a distinctive character of

a. Annelids b. Molluscs c. Platyhelminthes d. Arthropoda

19. The elytra in Cockroach is

a. A segment in the leg b. First pair of wings c. A segment in the thorax

d. A segment of the abdomen

20. Paired appendages, jointed and movable by muscles working inside is characteristic trait of

a. Annelida b. Arthropoda c. Mollusca d. Echinodermata

21.The trochanter is a small segment occupying a position between .... in a Cockroach leg. .

a. Coxa and Tibia b. Coxa and Femur c. Tibia and Femur d. Femur and Tarsus

22.The paired mouth parts of cockroach which are fused together to form a single structure is

the

a. Mandible b. Labrum c. First maxilla d. Second maxilla

23.Thoracic segments are .... in number in a cockroach

a. Three b. Five c.Six d. Seven

24. Arthropods are

a. Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, metamerically segmented, joint footed

coelomate animals

b. Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, metamerically segmented joint footed, acoelomate

animals

c. Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, metamerically segmented joint footed

pseudocoelomate animals

d. Triploblastic, asymmetrical, metamerically segmented, joint footed coelomate animals.

25.The appendage of a Cockroach which is even longer than the body is the

a. Antenna b. First maxilla c. Leg d. Anal cerci

26. Excretion in Arthropods takes place by

a.Malpighian tubules or antennary gland or coxal gland and mainly by nephrida

b. Malpighian tubles or antennary glands or coxal glands or maxillary g;lands

c. Coxal glands or nephridia or anoebocytes d. None of these

27. Galea and Lacinia are structural modifications observed in ... of a Cockroach.

a. Mandible b. First Maxilla c. Hyporpharynx d. Labium

28. Proctodeum in a Cockroach is made, up of

a. Mouth, Oesophagus and Crop b. IIeum,Colon and Rectum

c. Crop, Gizzard and IIeum d. Gizzard, IIeum and colon

29. Which of the following are true regarding the body cavity of a Cockroach?

a. Haemocoel containing blood b. In adults Coelon gets restricted only to excretory

organs and gonads c. Loose white tissue surrounding the internal organ is the fat

body d. All the above

30. A pair of triangular plates (representing the 10th and 11th sternum) lying below the 10th

tergum is called ... in a cockroach.

a. Podical plates b. Caeca c. Galea d. Lacinia

31. The thickest and hardest wall in the alimentary canal of Cockroach is that of

a. Crop b. Gizzard c. Rectum d. Buccal cavity

32. In Cockroach, Hepatic caeca occupies a position between the

a. Crop and Gizzard b. Gizzard and IIeum c. Gizzard and Midgut d. Mesenteron

and IIeum

33. In a Cockroach, the absorbed food is stored as reserve in the

a. Caecum b. Gizzard c. Fat bodies d. Colon

34. Cockroach is

a. Herbivorous b. Carnivorous c. Omnivorous d. Insectivorous

35. In Cockroach, a true perivisceral coelom is

a. Absent in all stages of life b. Present only during embryonic development

c. Present only during adulthood d. Present at all stages

36. The segment which facilitates the discharge of large egg capsule in a Cockroach is the ...

segment.

a. 8th b. 7th c. 10th d. 9th

37. In Cockroach, the number of spiracles is

a. 8 pairs b. 10 pairs c. 12 pairs d. 13 pairs

38. Pick out the wrong statement. In Cockroach,

a.Under normal conditions, the exchange of gases take place in the presence of fluid i n the
final tracheoles

b.Respiration can take place only when there is fluid in the end of tracheoles

c.During high metabolic activities, the exchange of gases takes place directly between the

tissues and the air in the tracheoles

d. When the metabolic rate is increased, the fluid in the tracheoles gets absorbed by the

surrounding cytoplasm.

39. The long tubular heart of Cockroach is ... cha.mbered.

a. 10 b. 12 c. 13 d. 15

40. Ostia in the heart of a Cockroach

a. Prevents the blood from entering the heart

b. Prevents the blood to flow into the pericardium

c. Allows the blood to flow forward d. Allows the blood to flow backward

41. The function of Tracheae in Cockroach is to transport

a. CO2 b. O2 c. Air d. Moisture

42. The primary function of the haemocoelic flu id is to carry

a. Food and wastes b. Oxygen and CO2 c. Food and CO2 d. Food and Oxygen

43. Pick out the correct statement. In Cockroach, of the ten pairs of spiracles

a. One pair opens in the thorax and the rest in the abdomen

b. Three pairs open in the thorax and the rest in the abdomen

c. Two pairs are situated in the thorax and the rest in the abdomen

d. All the spiracles open in the abdomen

44. The blood of Cockroach

a. Contains only plasma and white corpuscles b. Does not transport oxygen through it

c. Is colourless d. All the above

45. The thoracic stigmata in Cockroach are situated in the

a. Prothorax b. Mesothorax c. Meso and Metathorax d. Metathorax

46. Aorta open to the Haermocoel in the .... of a Cockroach.

a. Abdomen b. Head c. Thorax d. Prothorax

47.Nerves to Mandibles and Maxillae in Cockroach originates from the

a. Supra oesophageal genglion b.Sub oesophageal ganglion

c. Circum oesophageal connectives d. First thoracic ganglion

48.In Cockroach, ‘mushroom glands’ are associated with ... system.

a. Digestive b. Male reproductive c. Excretory d. Female reproductive

49. Excretion in Cockroach takes place with the help of

a. Malpighian tubules b. Certain amoeboid cells c. Few cells of the fat body

d. All the above

50. Mosaic vision in a Cockroach is concerned with the

a. Compound eye b. Simple eye c. ‘a’ and ‘b’ d. Neither ‘a’ nor ‘b’


ANSWERS

1. c 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. d 10. a

11. c 12. d 13. c 14. d 15. d 16. d 17. b 18. d 19. b 20. b

21. b 22. d 23. a 24. a 25. a 26. b 27. c 28. b 29. d 30. a

31. b 32. c 33. c 34. c 35. b 36. b 37. c 38. b 39.c 40. b

41. c 42. a 43. c 44. d 45. c 46. b 47. b 48. b 49. d 50. a

PHYLUM NEMATODA

PHYLUM NEMATODA

1. The stout rod like structure running into the body through each bundle of setae both in

Notopodium and Neuropodium is

a. Setae b. Aciculam c. Cirrus d. Lobe

2. Spermatheca in the earthworm are in the .... segments.

a. 7,8 and 9 b. 8,9 and 10 c. 9,10 and 11 d. 8, 10 and 12

3. Heteronereis is a ..... of Nereis.

a. Swimming sexual phase b. Asexual phase c. Different species d. All the above

4. In Polychaeta, the nature of setae is

a. Numerous b. Occur singly c. Occur in bundles d. Fused

5. Leech is devoid of

a. Suckers b. Setae c. Setae and parapodia d. All the above

6. The animal commonly known as ragworm or sandworm is

a. Megascolex b. Nereis c. Hirudinaria d. Pheretima

7. The number of segments in Leech is

a. 12 b. 33 c. 26 d. Numerous

8. In earthworm, the ovary is situated in the .... segment

a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 14

9. The scientific name of common Leech is

a. Pheretima posthuma b. Haemodipsa granulosa c. Hirudinaria granulosa

d. Megascolex mauriti

10.Choose the wrong statement.

a. In Nereis, the head is distinct with prostomial and peristomial tentacles, palps and eyes.

b. In Pheretima, the head is indistinct, tentacles, palps and eyes absent

c. In Hirudinaria, the head is indistinct, anterior segments with peculiar eyes. No tentacles

and palps

d. Pheritima and Hirudinaria - as both are on land - are provided with eyes and tentacles, but

no palps

11.Anticoagulant found in the saliva of Leech is

a. Hirudin b. Heparin c. Plasmin d. Haemoglobin

12.Pick out the correct statement. Fertilization in

a. Nereis and Pheritima is external and both have cocoon

b. Pheritima and Hirudinaria is external and both have cocoon

c. Nereis and Pheritima is external where as in Hirudinaria internal. Only Pheritima and

Hirudinaria have cocoons

d. Nereis and Hirudinaria, internal and have no cocoon

13.Botryoidal tissue can be compared to the

a. Amoeboid cells in the coelom of the earthworm

b. Coelomic fluid in the sandworm

c.Chloragogen cells of the earthworm

d. It cannot be compared to any tissue

14.Locomotion is assisted by the

a. Parapodia in sandworm b. Setae in earthworm c. Suckers in Leech

d. All the above

15.Hirudinaria granulosa takes blood meals from

a. Human beings only b. All types of vertebrates

c. Cold blooded vertebrates d. Warm blooded vertebrates

16.Select the blood sucking adaptation of Leech.

a. Presence of suckers and cutting pieces

b. Large crop with caecae for storing food

c. Hirudin as anticoagulant d. All the above

17. Leeches are ..... in habit

a. Sanguivorous b. Herbivorous c. Omnivorous d. Carnivorous

18. Pick out the false statement.
a. In Leech, the posterior sucker is for attachment and the anterior sucker for feeding

b. After a satisfactory feeding, a Leech can starve for more than six months

c. In Leech, the anterior sucker helps in attachment while the posterior sucker for feeding

d. Leech is a segmented, dorso ventrally flattened, blood sucking ectoparasite of warm blooded

vertebrates

19. Haemodipsa is a ..... Leech.

a. Marine b. Fresh water c. Land d. Fresh water and marine

20. The common IndianCattleLeeth is

a. Hirudinaria granulosa b. Hirudo medicinal is c. Haemadipsa d. None of these

21. A Leech can take three times its own weight of blood at one feed and go without food for

months together. To facilitate the storage of blood it has a well developed

a. Large coiled intestine b. Long crop with spacious caeca

c. Enlarged branching stomach D. All the above

22. Pick out the correct answer.

a. Chaetae in sandworm and earthworm is jointed and in 1eech absen t

b. Chaetae in sandworm jointed, in earthworm unjointed and in leech jointed

c. Chaetae in sandworm and earthworm is unjointed and in leech jointed

d. Chaetae in sandworm jointed and in earthworm and leech absent

23.Botryoidal tissue is peculiar to

a. Leech b. Earthworm c. Sandworm d. All Annelids

24.Haemocoelic system is found in

a. Earthworm b. Nereis c. Leeth d. In all Annelids

25.Septa is distinct in

a. Earthworm and sandworm b. Earthworm and leech

c. Leech and sandworm d. It is present in all annelida

26.Which is true ?
a. Nereis and Pheritima are both dioecious b. Nereis and Hirudinaria are both dioecious

c. Nereis and Pheritima are both monoecious d. Hirudinaria and Pheritima are both

monoecious

27.Jaws in leech which helps the animal to cut a wound on the host are ... in number.

a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

28.Asexual reproduction in Annelids is effected by

a. Fission b. Budding c. Regeneration d. All the above

29.Asexual reproduction does not occur in

a. Leeches b. Marine Annelids c. Earthworm d. All the above

30.Trochophore larva is only observed .... in its development

a. Nereis b. Pheritima c. Hirudinaria d. ‘b’ and ‘c’


ANSWERS

1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. d

11. a 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. d 16. d 17. a 18. c 19. c 20. a

21. b 22. b 23. a 24. c 25. a 26. d 27. b 28. d 29. a 30. a